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As heat waves continue to pose a growing public health challenge, proactive measures and awareness can significantly reduce the risk of heat-related complications
Beyond the immediate effects, heat waves can exacerbate chronic diseases and lead to lasting health damage
With rising global temperatures, heat waves have become more frequent and intense — and their effects go far beyond temporary discomfort. Prolonged exposure to extreme heat can have serious short-term and long-term consequences on human health, especially for individuals with existing medical conditions.
According to Dr. Manoj Kumar A S, MBBS, MD, DNB General Medicine, Apollo Clinic – Bellandur, heat-related illnesses occur when the body struggles to dissipate heat effectively. “Mild symptoms can include rashes, swelling in the hands or feet, lightheadedness, profuse sweating, or muscle cramps,” he explains. However, more severe conditions such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke can follow, characterized by headaches, breathing difficulties, confusion, altered behavior, and dangerously high body temperatures. Dr. Manoj emphasizes that heat stroke is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.
Beyond the immediate effects, heat waves can exacerbate chronic diseases and lead to lasting health damage. “Cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes can worsen due to increased heart strain,” Dr. Manoj notes. “Respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD can also flare up, especially when heat combines with poor air quality. Kidney disorders may be aggravated due to dehydration, and individuals with diabetes may find it harder to regulate their blood glucose levels.”
Adding to these concerns, Dr. Monica Goel, Consultant Physician and Diabetologist at K J Somaiya Hospital & Research Centre, warns that continuous exposure to high temperatures can cause neurological and muscular complications. “Apart from common symptoms like headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, and fatigue, prolonged heat exposure can lead to more serious outcomes such as confusion, agitation, rapid breathing, and increased heart rate,” she says. “In severe cases, heat stroke may result in brain swelling, seizures, and even long-term muscle damage, including conditions like rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria, which can culminate in acute kidney injury.”
Both doctors stress the importance of recognizing early warning signs. Heat exhaustion typically manifests as muscle cramps, dry mouth, dark urine, low energy, and dizziness. “It’s crucial to act quickly — sit in a shaded or air-conditioned space, drink water or electrolyte solutions, and cool the body with fans, cool showers, or cold packs placed on areas like the groin, armpits, and neck,” advises Dr. Manoj.
Dr. Monica further highlights that if someone exhibits signs of confusion, loss of consciousness, difficulty speaking, walking, or maintaining balance, or if their temperature exceeds 104°F (40°C), emergency medical services must be contacted immediately. Monitoring vital signs like heart and respiratory rates is essential during recovery, and intravenous fluids may be necessary to replace lost electrolytes.
Preventive Measures to Stay Safe During Heat Waves:
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day, especially during physical activity. Avoid caffeine and alcohol as they can dehydrate the body.
Dress Appropriately: Wear light, breathable clothing and avoid layering during hot, humid days.
Limit Outdoor Activities: Schedule exercise or outdoor work for early mornings or evenings when temperatures are lower. Take frequent breaks in shaded or cool areas.
Be Aware of Enclosed Spaces: Never stay in parked cars or poorly ventilated areas during high heat.
Recognize Early Symptoms: Pay attention to early signs of heat exhaustion and act immediately to cool down.
As heat waves continue to pose a growing public health challenge, proactive measures and awareness can significantly reduce the risk of heat-related complications. Both Dr. Manoj and Dr. Monica urge individuals, especially those with pre-existing conditions, to stay vigilant during extreme weather and seek timely medical help when necessary.
